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Introduction@#In 2018, a total of 901 new cases of gastric cancer were recorded, of which 64.8% in males and 34.2% in females. The incidence rate of gastric cancer was 28.5 per 100 000 population, which 38.2 for males and 19.2 for females.@*Goal@#We aimed to investigate the associations between some risk factors and gastric cancer among the Mongolian population. @*Materials and Methods@#A case-control study was conducted between November 2017 and September 2019. We selected 120 cases from National cancer center of Mongolia who newly diagnosed gastric cancer. And 120 controls were selected by matching by sex, age and the place of residence. Informed consents were obtained from all subjects. All subjects were personally interviewed with researchers used by a structured questionnaire consisting of 86 questions. The SPSS 21 (version 16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software was used for all analyses.@*Results@#The mean age was 59.2±11.4 (26-85) years. Habits of having dinner after 6.00 pm (OR 1.42, 95%CI 1.11-1.83, p=0.008), having leftover meals (OR 2.22, 95%CI 1.27-3.86, p=0.008), daily consumption of tea with salt (OR 1.97, 95%CI 1.18-3.30, p=0.01), smoking on an empty stomach (OR 2.44, 95%CI 1.11-5.37, p=0.033), weekly consumption of ham and smoked meat (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.17- 2.13, p=0.02), and consumption of fat grease (OR 2.09, 95%CI .03-4.24, p=0.038) were significantly increased gastric cancer risk. In contrast, habit of eating at regular times (OR 0.43, 95%CI 0.25-0.73, p=0.002), chewing thoroughly (OR 0.39, 95%CI 0.23-0.67, p=0.001), cooking meat thoroughly until it’s tender (OR 0.48, 95%CI 0.25-0.97, p=0.047), daily consumption of vegetables (OR 0.45, 95%CI 0.27-0.76, p=0.003), and daily consumption of fruit juice (OR 0.36, 95%CI 0.15-0.85, p=0.026) were significantly reduced gastric cancer risk. Furthermore, having first-degree relatives diagnosed with gastric cancer had 2-3 fold higher increased risk of gastric cancer (parents OR 2.88, 95%CI 1.07- 7.78, p=0.038, sibling (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.09-8.81, p=0.036). Also, previous records of the digestive disease increased risk of gastric cancer (OR 3.65, 95%CI 2.10-6.35, p<0.0001).@*Conclusion@#Dietary habits, family history of gastric cancer and previous records of digestive disease were associated with risk of gastric cancer. Thus, prevention effort could be focused on the population with a family history of gastric cancer, changing bad dietary habit and screening precancerous disease of gastric cancer.
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Background@#Pressure ulcer is the worldwide problem which does not depend on age group and any patients could suffer from. Nursing human resource, working load, hospital equipment supply, well-organized training, lack of scientific study are influencing the prevention and nursing care for patients with pressure ulcer although the prevention of ulcer’s depends on continuous nursing care. Therefore, we aimed to improve participation of nurses and evaluate knowledge of nurses on pressure ulcer.@*Methods@#Total of 249 nurses who are working in primary and referral level were chosen as study participants. We used cross-sectional study of analytic study and standard questionnaire with Likert scale. Furthermore, we operated evaluative standard questions of Pieper and Mott (PUKT; 1995), standard questions of pressure ulcer evaluation and nurse’s knowledge. All statistics analysis done by using SPSS 21.0 program.@*Results@#237 (95.2%) were females, 12 (4,8%) were males were participated in the study and 122 (49,0%) had received Diploma, 125 (50,2%) of them had received bachelor degree and 2 (0,8%) had master degrees. Furthermore, 175 of all participants were nurse practitioners and 74 of them were clinical nurse specialists. The knowledge regarding nursing care on pressure ulcer was evaluated as 2,41% were excellent, 20,88% were with average-knowledge and 76,71% were with poor-knowledge. Nurse’s knowledge regarding Evaluation of pressure ulcer were measured as 65,68% were with poor-knowledge, 33,33% were with average, and 0,8% were with excellent knowledge. Finally, knowledge about nursing care on pressure ulcer, 14,86% were evaluated as average, 85,14% were with poor-knowledge.@*Conclusion@# Most of nurse’s knowledge regarding prevention and nursing care for pressure ulcer is inadequate. Therefore, there is a need to improve nurse’s knowledge about prevention and nursing care on pressure ulcer.
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@#Gastric and esophageal cancer is a significant global health issue. The epidemiology of these tumors has significantly increased over the past several years especially in developing and developed countries. Many dietary exposures have been proposed to protect against or increase risk for esophageal and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including poor diets, foods, individual nutrients, methods of food preparation, and habits of consumption. Overweight/obese status is associated with an increased risk for many cancer types such as esophageal, gallbladder, kidney, pancreatic and gastric cancer. The association between obesity and cancer is strong. Nowadays there is a recognized decrease in incidence and mortality of distal gastric cancer and an increase in incidence and mortality of proximal esophageal cancer. In Mongolia, gastric cancer is the second most common cancer in males and the third most common in females. It is very important to understand how diet and nutrition affect to gastric and esophageal cancers. In this review we will discuss the effect of diet in locally advanced gastro-esophageal cancer. Although we tried to conclude all published articles about gastric and esophageal cancers in Mongolia. </br> In this survey, is considered dietary risks into 5 groups as following; </br> • Insufficient nutrition education(don’t know food and nutrients significance and food hygiene, don’t know right consumption of food) </br> • Bad habits (hot tea and meals, salty tea and food, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, sometimes eating breakfast, most of daily energy of food in the night, high amount of sugar, a drink of caffeine, overweight and etc.) </br> • Food processing technology (such as overcooking, pickling, preserving, frying, excessive salt in tea fried and etc). </br> • Chemical contaminants in food products (various inorganic fertilizers, heavy metals and etc.) </br> • Household economic capacity is influencing</br> Diet can be used as a tool to evoke the positive/desirable biological responses of an organism aiming to maximize health and protection against diseases (chronic/non-communicable diseasesparticularly cancer) by mostly means of prevention.
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Introduction@#Gastric cancer is still one of the most leading causes of mortality in the world. The highest mortality rate of gastric cancer is estimated in Mongolia. South Korea and Japan, where leading the incidence of gastric cancer, mortality rates are observed in 51th and 31nd rank respectively. In Mongolia, gastric cancer is the second leading site, after liver cancer.@*Goal@#We aimed to determine the cause of late diagnosis of gastric cancer and to evaluate supply of upper endoscopy devices and human resource for gastric cancer in the general hospital of provinces and districts. @*Materials and Methods@#In this study, 84 patients suffering from gastric cancer (42 patients in III, IV TNM stage; 42 patients in I, II TNM stage)were investigated in National Cancer Center, Mongolia. A survey questionnaire which included age, gender, education, income, risk factors and clinical questions was detected from all patients. And we conducted study of supply of upper endoscopy devices and human resource for gastric cancer in general hospitals of from 21 provinces and general hospitals of 6 districts by questionnaire. @*Results@#Seventy three(86.9%) patients were over 50 years old and the highest rates of gastric cancer were in group of 61-70 years (40.5%). From the results, the reason to visiting hospital was significantly different between two groups. 55.1% of patients suffering from early-stage gastric cancer were voluntarily diagnosed by upper endoscopy. In contrary, 55.8% of patients suffering from late-stage gastric cancer have visited the hospital due to worsening symptoms or dysphagia and vomiting. Factors such as age, gender, education, employment status and income had no significant effect on late diagnosis of gastric cancer. In totally 24(89%)general hospitals out of 27 had upper endoscopy devices and 22 (81.5%) hospitals had endoscopist. Although 75% of total general hospitals conduct annual cancer screening, 64% of them do not perform the endoscopy in annual screening.@*Conclusion@#In our country, late diagnosis of gastric cancer is related to the attitudes of patients for preventing and screening disease. Therefore, it is important to improve the health education of the population and to develop healthy, right attitudes and practices. And the study revealed that general hospitals have insufficient for upper endoscopy devices and human resource.
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@#Gastric cancer has been and still considered one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality and it continues to be a major public health issue. The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in Mongolia is the highest in the world. For this reason, this paper provides the information about current status of gastric cancer in Mongolia in the first section. Morbidity and mortality of gastric cancer increased steadily during the last decade. In the second section we overview the most important factors that can accelerate the risk of gastric cancer. Evidence from case-control, cohort studies and meta-analysis have suggested that the risk of gastric cancer is related to several factors including genetics, Helicobacter pylori, other factors related to the environment and lifestyle. Risk factors could have different effects on the onset and the evolution of gastric cancer.